Immune SciComm

Does he? I have not seen him denying the severity of COVID-19, not its potential long-term effects. Do you have examples of this?
I am sure he blocks, getting people telling you nonsense about your field of expertise is draining. e.g. if you do not understand what is meant with dysregulation.

Interesting. Do you mean he does not hold an academic position or he has no PhD? Or, since you mention "complete", he is not both, not an academic and not a PhD? That would be easy to check.
Or you mean that you are not knowledgeable, but you object to science and facts based on your ideology?

Martin Steiger? @martinsteiger.ch
I just ask you to show what is incorrect. Your response is very telling. There is nothing wrong, nothing you could find. You just do not want know the facts. That is why you block as a coward, and run away.
@hwiesenmueller.bsky.social, @hanefeldmarc.bsky.social,

This is a concerning answer. You make the claim that there was a lot wrong, I ask if you can provide the examples of what was wrong, why, and provide the evidence. To make the claim of sealioning is trying to evade and being dishonest. This strongly suggest you are out of your depth.

I haven´t used a Canto for over a decade. There was one when I was an undergraduate student.

What will population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 look like in a post-vaccine world? An updated outlook (2025)

It would be helpful if you could provide examples where he was incorrect, show why he was incorrect, and provide the evidence for this. It seems you moan a bit because you don´t understand his field of science. I do, and I can´t discover particular wrongs.
marcveldhoen.substack.com/p/what-will-...

Unfortunately, not very carefully. They used three independent cohorts, this is not a longitudinal study. There are many more elderly in the infected group. The results very clearly show the numbers of immune cells recover fully. They are also functioning very well as shown by many other labs.

This is a publication that I have seen being explained online very badly. To be honest, the authors are not helping with their writing.

Distinct characteristics of T cell receptor repertoire associated with the SARS-CoV-2 reinfection

www.frontiersin.org/journals/imm...

Just when someone responds positively, they want to understand more, claim to want to follow more immunologists, they remove all their posts from the conversation and block? I don´t understand these people.

You are an outlier, together with a few others. This happened in a short space of time, the pandemic. You found each other because you started to pay attention to it. Now it seems there are many cases, but it remains rare and not limited to COVID-19.

It is very rare, and happens when there is a strong immune reaction. It can be triggered by many different infections but also food (allergies), environmental factors and stress. It is not new, and not unique for COVID-19.

Type I interferons in infectious disease - Nature Reviews Immunology Type I interferons have multiple direct and indirect effects on immune cells during infectious diseases. For the most part, they protect the host against infection, but they can also have adverse effe...

It is the same as for other infections, especially influenza. Viruses induce interferons, when this builds up, your immune system will be inhibited to avoid damaging you. This can result in secondary infections.

www.nature.com/articles/nri...

Not wanting to be cheeky, but not attacking those with a lot of knowledge, but engaging in why they claim what they claim and weighing up their experience and deep knowledge, would be a good start.

I did not write it is good (evolutionary it was). What I wrote is there can be disadvantages. The reason is that viruses will keep infecting. When you regularly encounter them, you keep your immunity high. When you are shielded for some time, the infection may make you more ill.

Clean air is good, it will only reduce risk in some spaces. It is different from water, with specific end points. Air is everywhere, and respiratory viruses will keep infecting. Reduction can have disadvantages as well, as iGAS and RSV, possibly VZV show.

It gives the information explaining why there was an uplift in cases in that specific age group and time. Hence, it does not need to show more. What you seem to think is a "got you" is not an argument at all.

Depending on mutations of the microorganism, in the paper the virus SARS-COV-2, the repertoire will be tweaked as well.

The paper actually shows a very normal immune response. There is no concern about our repertoires at all!

There are more complications to do with our genes needed to select the TCRs, which are different between people, with a degree of chance involved as well. This makes which parts of the microorganism that is recognised different per person, and these parts can be more or less dominant.

This happens with every infection. There are some more nuances. Not all the cells that initially expand will become memory cells and not all memory cells will respond upon reinfection. Hence, the repertoires will not be identical.

But, then there is the contraction phase, and many of the newly expanded T cells die, the repertoire seems more broad again. This is the HC group, 9 months after infection.

Then, there is a reinfection, the RI group. The TCRs respond again: repertoire seems reduced. This is the general principle.

This time you find 2 colours, repertoire = 2.

If we replace M&Ms by T cells, there are many, many more "colours" or TCRs. We have a broad repertoire. Then we get infected, and a few of the TCRs are multiplied, when we sample the repertoire it seems reduced. This is the PI group in the paper.

Although all colours are still present, green dominates and make it seem as if the repertoire of colours has reduced.

You will now eat, selectively, many green M&Ms.
You sample 20 M&Ms again, and see all colours, repertoire = 6.

You add another bag of green M&Ms, and sample 20 MM&Ms again.

What happens if you take, at random 20 M&Ms from the initial bag of M&Ms? From the 6 colours, you likely see all 6. You count the repertoire = 6.
After adding a large bag with greens, you pick 20 M&M again, the likelihood is you will see a lot of green M&Ms, maybe 2 other colours: repertoire = 3.

Think of it as colours. Imagine you have a large bag with M&Ms of all 6 colours . Your colour repertoire is high (6).
The bag gets invaded by something, and only the green M&M respond by multiplying! Like adding a bag of green M&Ms.

This gives you the advantage next time. The cells are already with many more, at places where you could be infected again, and they are fully functional. This is what immunologists refer to as immunity: very good protection against getting ill when you are re-infected.

What about the repertoire?

This multiplication is called clonal expansion. It costs a lot of energy to make all these new cells, and you cannot keep them. The majority will die when the infection is cleared. This is called retraction. However, you keep several of these cells as part of your memory pool.

You do that by making these specific T cells, not all the others, multiply. Each daughter cell has the same TCR, recognises the same, and mostly only, the microorganism that infected you. However, this takes time, several weeks. That is why a vaccine only works after about 14 days.

This is good and not so good.

It is good because this makes sure you always have a few T cells that will recognise a new microorganism or virus that infects you, even if you have never encountered it before.

It is not so good, because you only have few of these T cells. This you compensate for.

First it is important to understand what a T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is. A T cell has a TCR that is nearly unique compared to all the other T cells. Each T cell has a TCR, and you have 100s millions of T cells. Collectively, this is the repertoire. The more unique TCRs, the broader it is.

This is a publication that I have seen being explained online very badly. To be honest, the authors are not helping with their writing.

Distinct characteristics of T cell receptor repertoire associated with the SARS-CoV-2 reinfection

www.frontiersin.org/journals/imm...