Stolen Relations

[4] AN Indian Boy aged about 10 years to be Sold, Inquire at the Post-Office in Boston and know further.

(4/4) Source: America’s Historical Newspapers. Boston News-Letter, October 25, 1708. #indigenoushistory #history #indigenous #colonialhistory #historicalresearch #massachusettshistory #massachusetts #newspaper

(3/4) The impact of these erasures are felt today. The descendants of enslaved Indigenous people often identify family histories through their captors’ names, due to the lack of attention paid by the historical record to their own ancestors. This anonymity robs them of that ability.

(2/4) However, it is not just the child who was erased from the record. His captor or previous slaveholder is also not described by name, though they must have existed. An interested potential slaveholder would communicate with the Post-Office, rather than this person.

(1/4) Today marks 317 years since a highly anonymous advertisement for an Indigenous child was printed in the Boston News-Letter. Identified only as an Indigenous boy of 10 years of age, this child was reduced to only his age, which would influence his value to a potential slaveholder.

Thank you for your support!

Thank you for your support!

(4/4) Source: Soldiers in King Philip's War, by George Madison Bodge (1891), page 69. #indigenoushistory #history #indigenous #nipmuc #colonialhistory #historicalresearch #massachusettshistory #massachusetts #militaryhistory

(3/4) Her ultimate death is described in only two lines of text, as a postscript. In the document, she is only referred to as “the Indian,” thus being stripped of her name, identity, and community, outside of what can be speculated from her location of capture.

(2/4) Once she provided information in the form of locations and numbers, Samuel Mosley ordered her to be killed by dogs. Her brutal capture, exploitation for information, and death show the inhumanity that colonial forces approached Indigenous communities with, including non-combattants.

(1/4)350 years have passed since an unnamed Indigenous woman was forced to make known her community’s battle plans to the MA militia during King Philip’s War. Earlier in the month, she had been captured in Springfield, likely on Nipmuc land, perhaps indicating the tribal nation to which she belonged

Happy Indigenous Peoples Day!

(5/5) Stolen Relations is committed to telling these stories of enslavement and dispossession while also honoring and elevating present-day Native nations and communities.

(4/5) Instead, celebrating Indigenous Peoples’ Day focuses on the historical resilience of Indigenous peoples in the Americas as well as their ongoing presence and vitality.

(3/5) He also proposed a regular slave trade of “Indians” to Europe to help finance colonization–a proposal that was rejected by Isabella and Ferdinand.

(2/5) Not only did Columbus’ arrival lead to large-scale enslavement, murder, and dispossession by Spanish conquistadors, he was also directly responsible for the enslavement and shipment of hundreds of Lucayan and Tiano peoples back to Spain.

(1/5) Today we celebrate Indigenous Peoples’ Day instead of Columbus Day. Looking at the history of Indigenous enslavement helps us to understand why this is fully appropriate.

#IndigenousPeoplesDay #Indigenous #ColumbusDay #Columbus #IndigenousHistory #IndigenousPeople

[424] It is Orderd by This Honoble Court that the Susquahannah Indians doe Still Continue in the possession of the Land they are now upon, Untill the Right Honoble the Governor Shall ordr to the Contrary and that Capt Wm Bird Goe upp to the aforesaid Indians & Demand two Hostages of them & take Care that they are ye Children of Great men & Betweene four & Eight years of Age. [542] Bird, Capt. William… to demand hostages of Susquehanna Indians, 425.

(4/4) Source: Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia: 1622-1632, 1670-1676, page 424, 542. #indigenoushistory #history #indigenous #susquehannock #haudenosaunee #colonialhistory #assimilation #historicalresearch #virginiahistory #virginia #legalhistory

(3/4) Importantly, in the same year, the Susquehannock faced siege from MD and VA militias that ultimately forced them to abandon their land and integrate into the Haudenosaunee people. Some Susquehannocks today continue to honor this ancestry and seek to rebuild communities and connections.

(2/4) The age limit set on the court-mandated captive-taking performed by Captain Bird shows the desire to separate Native children from their languages, cultures, and relations, during the most formative years of their lives in order to attempt to erase Native cultures by assimilation.

(1/4) Three days ago marks 350 years since the General Court of Colonial Virginia ordered the Susquehannah [Susquehannock] people to provide two hostages in the form of children between 4 and 8 years old to Captain William Bird in exchange for maintaining possession of the land they lived on.

The logo of the Library of Congress

An example of a document from the Library of Congress: 320144 2 MEMORIES OF UNCLE JACKSON I was born in 1851, in the yard where my owner lived next door to the City Hall. I remember when they was finishin' up the City Hall. I also remember the foreman, Mr. James Walker, he was general manager. The overseen (overseer) was Mr. Keen. I remember all the bricklayers; they all was colored. The man that plastered the City Hall was named George Price, he plastered it inside. The men that plastered the City Hall outside and put those colum's up in the front, their names was Robert Finey and William Finey, they both was colored. Jim Art is now a contractor an' builder. He done a lot of work 'round Wilmin'ton.

(3/3) Included in the LOC manuscript collection are the papers of the Federal Writers Project, a 1930s interview project of those who lived through enslavement. These papers notably consider enslavement from the perspective of enslaved people, rather than that of legal owners and masters.

(2/3) Primarily concerning self-emancipations, sales, and captures of people, Chronicling America is unique for its geographical range. Including papers from the Southern and Western US as well as the non-contiguous states and territories, it shows the truly hemispheric nature of Native unfreedom.

(1/3) The Library of Congress, @librarycongress.bsky.social, which houses Chronicling America, a digital collection of American newspapers, and a manuscript collection, is another example of the range of sources used to find unfree Native people across the historical record.

#indigenoushistory

(3/3) Though no equivalent holiday exists in the United States, we ask you today to take a moment to remember the cultural violence also perpetuated by American boarding schools between the 1870s and late 1900s as part of a continued system of Indigenous unfreedom.

(2/3) On Orange Shirt Day, it is important to recognize the way that centuries of enslavement and servitude of Indigenous people led to the residential school system, and the fact that the students of such schools were often exploited for their labor and stolen from their families and relations.

(1/3) Orange Shirt Day, or the National Day for Truth and Reconciliation, is a Canadian day of remembrance for the forced assimilation and cultural genocide experienced by Indigenous children in the Canadian boarding school system.

#orangeshirtday #indigenoushistory #boardingschools #history

(3/3) Specifically, Stolen Relations has worked with manuscripts of town hall minutes, correspondences, and especially, indenture and apprenticeship contracts, to understand the role of Rhode Island’s unfree Indigenous population in the 17th and 18th centuries.

(2/3) Currently hosting more than 100,000 printed books and over 1,100 manuscript collections, the library tells the story of Rhode Island, emphasizing the role of individuals that have been repeatedly marginalized and ignored by earlier narratives of the state’s history.
www.rihs.org

The Rhode Island Historical Society Mary Elizabeth Robinson Research Center, in Providence, Rhode Island

An example of a document from the Rhode Island Historical Society: This Indenture made the [empty space] day of June In the yeare one thousand seven Hundred and fifteene wittnesseth that Bette Tientiahchu widow to the Late Deceased John Tientiahchu Indian and Inhabitant within the Township of Providence In the Colony of Road Island and said providence plantations Have by these presents put placed and Bound my Daughter Hannah Tientiahchu being a fatherlis Child as a servant with Martha Sheldon of the Town of providence and Colony of Road Island a fore said and as a servant with her the said Martha Sheldon to Dwell Her Heirs and Assigns from the day of the Date of these presents untill the said Hannah shall Come to be of the Age Eighteene yeares the said Hannah being at the time of the Insealing and Deliveri of these presents Come to be of the Age of ten [empty space] by and Durering all which time and terms the said Hannah shall Her said mistris Martha Sheldon well and faithfully serve In all such Lawfull business as the said Hannah shall be put unto according to her power will and ability and Honestly and obediently In all things shall Behave Her self towards her said mistirs: and orderly and Honestly towards all the family of the said Martha Sheldon: and the said Martha Sheldon for her part promiseth the said Hannah In the knowledg and occupation of House Hold work which she useth after the best manner that she Can or may coach or Instruct or Cause to be taught and Informed as much as there Unto Beloungeth or In any wise appertaineth and also Dureing all the said terme to find unto the said servant meat Drink Linnin woollen Hose shoose and other things needfull or meet for a servant and to Let the said Hannah have two sutes of apparriel at the End of said terme one for Holladaies and another for worke daies In witness where I have here unto set my Hand and seal the Day and yeare first above written Signed sealed and Delivered In the presence of ^^^^^

(1/3) The Rhode Island Historical Society, a historical society based in Providence, RI, which maintains the Mary Elizabeth Robinson Research Center, is another example of the range of sources used to find unfree Native people across the historical record.

#history #indigenoushistory #research

RAN AWAY from the Subscriber, the 27th of this inst. Sept. from on board the sloop Dolphin, Sampson Ezekiel, a Mustee, indented servant, about 24 years of age, with curled black hair, sometimes tied up, his forehead shaved, a wellset fellow: Had on a dark homespun Jacket, no stockings, canvas shoes, and pinchback buckles, who plays well on the fiddle: And also one John Saunders, (an Indian) about the same age, a short, wellset fellow, pitted with the small-pox, who was shipped to go a whaling voyage on board said sloop, and received forty-five pounds to perform the same; which two fellows in the night, broke open two chests in said sloop, stole and carried away two checked shirts and one Keg of rum, and stole the boat. Whoever takes up and secures said Sampson, that he may be brought to justice, and the master receive him again, shall have five dollars reward, and four dollars reward for bringing the said John Saunders to justice and all necessary charges paid, by me LILLIBRIDGE WORTH. Newport, Sept. 29, 1769. [78]

(3/3) Sampson’s self-emancipation and John’s departure were advertised two days later, in the hopes of returning Sampson to his Indenture and bringing John to justice for leaving the ship and aiding Sampson’s escape. Source: America’s Historical Newspapers. Newport Mercury, October 9, 1769.