The Journal of Immunology

Changes in macrophage polarization in LT mice. (A–D) Investigation using flow cytometry of total macrophages, M1 macrophages, and the ratio of M1 macrophages in each mouse lung tissue. (E) RT-qPCR examination of the expression levels of M1 macrophage markers (iNOS, IL-1β, and IL-6) and M2 macrophage markers (Arg1, Ym1, and Fizz) in mouse lung tissues.

New data identified miR-124-3p as a critical regulator of macrophage polarization and acute lung injury (ALI) pathophysiology, providing a potential therapeutic target for managing ALI in lung transplant recipients. Learn more: ow.ly/XsVv50XesKz.

Sex-dependent influence of LMAN1 on allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness Abstract. Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by a type 2-high adaptive immune response towards common aeroantig

Researchers investigated the role of lectin mannose-binding 1 (LMAN1) in house dust mite induced allergic asthma and found that the loss of LMAN1 led to opposing effects on airway hyperresponsiveness dependent on the sex of mice. Learn more: ow.ly/BZ0750Xb7vs.

Schema of the mechanism of action of HMGB1. HMGB1 inhibits the phosphorylation of the JAK1/STAT3 pathway downstream of IFN-γ by binding RAGE, thereby inhibiting the expression of PD-L1. IRF, Interferon Regulatory Factors.

Data showed that high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) inhibited IFN-gamma induced PD-L1 expression, enhancing the antitumor effects of T cells and confirming the role of HMGB1 as a prognostic indicator for #lungcancer treated with CAR-T cells. Read more: ow.ly/lZZG50Xb7mk.

When observing wild-type Raji and Jurkat cells following co-culture in the absence of cognate MHC and TCR or superantigen, only 'finger-like' projections were observed at the cell-cell interface. Find the research behind September’s cover image online: ow.ly/NOkn50X6mnH

The role of VISTA engagement in limiting neutrophil-mediated inflammation The Editors have selected this article as a highlight of the issue.

Targeting the immune checkpoint inhibitory receptor VISTA improved disease severity in a mouse model of neutrophil-mediated arthritis. Researchers investigate the novel therapeutic opportunity for targeting VISTA in this September #TopRead article: ow.ly/iueJ50X6mlo

YouTube video by The American Association of Immunologists (AAI) Join us for IMMUNOLOGY2026™

Get ready for #IMMUNOLOGY2026™! We're heading to the vibrant city of Boston, MA. Prepare for groundbreaking science, incredible networking, and an unforgettable experience. Don't miss your chance to be part of the #immunology community! Learn more: immunology2026.aai.org/abstracts.

Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptor α-chains (CD25). Breakdown of a single mechanism of self-tolerance causes various autoimmune diseases Abstract. Approximately 10% of peripheral CD4+ cells and less than 1% of CD8+ cells in normal unimmunized adult mice express the IL-2 receptor α-chain (CD2

Congratulations to new Nobel Laureate and AAI Distinguished Fellow Shimon Sakaguchi, co-winner of the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his foundational discoveries on regulatory T cells and peripheral immune tolerance! Published in The JI in 1995: ow.ly/LGk150X7984.

Volume 214 Issue 9 | The Journal of Immunology | Oxford Academic The JI publishes peer-reviewed manuscripts describing novel findings in all areas of experimental immunology, including both basic and clinical studies.

Sorry about that. Must have been an issue with the link shortener! Here is the link: academic.oup.com/jimmunol/iss...

Less than two weeks left to submit your #IMMUNOLOGY2026™ abstract! Get your research seen on a global stage in Boston, MA and network with your peers. Submit now: immunology2026.aai.org/abstracts.

Therapeutic potential of NRF2 activating drug RTA-408 in suppressing T cell effector responses and inflammatory bowel disease Abstract. RTA-408, also known as Omaveloxolone, is an FDA-approved drug for treating Friedrich’s Ataxia, a neurological disorder. It is a triterpenoid comp

RTA-480 is currently a therapeutic for Friedrich’s Ataxia that activates NRF2. Researchers explored the therapeutic potential of RTA-408 in #IBD, finding that it modulates T cell homeostasis, metabolism, and inflammation. Learn more: ow.ly/kKKf50X32sk.

🚀 New from AAI: Immunology Explained — a hub for clear, evidence-based insights into how the immune system protects health.

Check it out: immunologyexplained.aai.org
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Fall is here and so is the September issue of The JI! Available online and full of high-quality research. Read through all the September issue has to offer: ow.ly/uiQo50X32rC.

SOD1 controls neutrophil oxidative burst and microbial killing Abstract. Neutrophils are immune cells specialized in producing large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill microbes. However, the mechanisms by

Neutrophils specialize in producing large amounts of reactive oxygen species to kill microbes. Data suggests that SOD1 is a novel regulatory factor in this oxidative burst that enables the full immunological response of neutrophils. Read more here: ow.ly/5kr350WYaCi.

Age-related decline in HMGB1-neutralizing IgM autoantibody response impairs resistance to high-fat diet in mice Abstract. As we age, it becomes increasingly important to reduce the consumption of fatty foods. In mice, we also find that after consuming a high-fat diet

Data showed that aging in mice impairs the ability to produce anti-HMGB1 IgM, making mice susceptible to the development of insulin resistance, and provides insight into what drives age-related loss of tolerance to fatty foods. Learn more: ow.ly/26Vu50WYa7E.

The ETS-family transcription factor PU.1 is a critical regulator of the inhibitory Fcγ receptor IIB expression in humans Abstract. The inhibitory Fc gamma receptor IIB (FcγRIIB) is a critical determinant of humoral immunity. By providing feedback inhibition, through inhibitor

Researchers characterized the molecular determinants of FcγRIIB expression in human immune models, paving the way for future investigation into the molecular mechanisms responsible for cell lineage-specific FcγR expression. Read more online: ow.ly/xmVB50WY9SI.

Diagnostic potential of MMP-9, IL-8, and MPO in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as combined biomarkers for pediatric post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans Abstract. This study investigates the diagnostic potential of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), IL-8, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in bronchoalveolar lavage

Researchers identified matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), IL-8, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) as reliable combined biomarkers for the diagnosis of post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children. Learn more in The JI: ow.ly/3U0F50WY8Wt.

Graphic reading AAI WEBINAR: How to Be the Reviewer You Want to Have featuring a headshot of Dr. Gail A. Bishop, EIC of The Journal of Immunology.

An essential conversation during #PeerReviewWeek! We hosted the webinar "How to Be the Reviewer You Want to Have," presented by Dr. Gail A. Bishop, EIC of @jimmunol.bsky.social.
It's a key topic for graduate students and post-docs. Watch now: ow.ly/mAXQ50WZ1kH #TBT #PeerReviewWeek

Researchers tested a single-cycle attenuation strategy that deleted glycoprotein L (essential for viral entry) to create strain 68-1 rhesus CMV vectors that generated high frequency, effector-memory-biased, SIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Learn more: ow.ly/jrm450WV7Kx.

Boost your career with an AAI Travel Award! Open to AAI members, these awards provide funding to attend #IMMUNOLOGY2026™. Submit your abstract and apply for an AAI Travel Award by the October 15 deadline. Learn more: ow.ly/cBuc50WYhwq.

This featured article describing a novel immunological method details how researchers combined in vitro culture of plasma cells (PC) with adoptive transfer and timestamping to track the population dynamics of resulting induced PCs in vivo. Learn more: ow.ly/RTt850WV7PC.

Cutting edge: Extrinsic and intrinsic sex effects differentially regulate pulmonary ILC2 numbers, phenotype, and function Abstract. Pulmonary type 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2s) show sex dimorphism in numbers, phenotype, and function. We used a novel strategy of competitive, mix

In a #CuttingEdge article, researchers used a novel strategy of competitive, mixed male-female donor bone marrow chimeras to determine if sex differences in murine pulmonary type 2 innate lymphocytes result from extrinsic or intrinsic. Read more now: ow.ly/zGqI50WV7u8.

IL-21 contributes to type 2 memory B cell formation Abstract. Type 2 memory B cells (mBC2), identified in mice as IgG1+CD23+IL-4Rα+CD38+ B cells, which require IL-4 for genesis, are precursors for IgE plasma

A new #CuttingEdge article reveals that IL-21 is required for normal type 2 memory B cell formation. Because of this, the authors argue against the use of Il-21 as a pan-allergy suppressor. Read the new findings yourself: ow.ly/J16c50WV7wV.

YouTube video by The American Association of Immunologists (AAI) Jose R. Conejo-Garcia, M.D., Ph.D., on receiving the AAI Vanguard Award

The AAI 2026 Career Awards nomination period closes today! Please help us identify and celebrate our most accomplished AAI members. From outstanding mentors to pioneering researchers, your nominations ensure we recognize the best in our field. Submit a nomination today: www.aai.org/Awards/Career.

An August #TopRead from @carpenterlab.bsky.social demonstrates that heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1 is essential for optimal macrophage function, highlighting the role for RNA-binding proteins in mounting effective immune defenses. Read more: ow.ly/NSx150WTnSr.

In a #Top Read from August, @labwaggoner.bsky.social from @cincyresearch.bsky.social discovered that the transcription factor ASCL2 is required for recruitment of NK cells into the spleen and white pulp providing novel insights into NK cell biology. Read more: academic.oup.com/jimmunol/art...

Mitoquinol improves phagocytosis and glycolysis in ethanol-exposed macrophages via HIF-1α-PFKP axis Abstract. Alcohol use disorder increases sepsis mortality. Acute ethanol exposure impairs pathogen clearance in the macrophages via dampened glycolysis and

A history of alcohol use disorder increases the risk of death from sepsis. Researchers found that the HIF-1α-PFKP axis regulates glycolysis and phagocytosis in ethanol-exposed macrophages and is a potential therapeutic target in ethanol with sepsis: ow.ly/S5AQ50WOgnB.

🚨 IMMUNOLOGY2026™ abstract submissions are now open! Share your groundbreaking research with the global immunology community. Submit your abstract by October 15: immunology2026.aai.org/abstracts

The role of cell exhaustion in lepromatous leprosy Abstract. Leprosy is a neglected chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae or M. lepromatosis, representing a public health concern in seve

Data suggest that exhaustion markers contribute to the hyporesponsive profile of lepromatous patients. PD-1 blockade could contribute to the reestablishment of lymphocyte effector action and possibly be incorporated into multidrug therapy for leprosy. ow.ly/Esoj50WOgWm.

TAP-independent induction of N-myristoylated lipopeptide-specific CTLs in transgenic mice expressing the rhesus MHC class I allomorph, Mamu-B*098 Abstract. A novel subset of classical major histocompatibility complex class I molecules has recently been identified in rhesus monkeys that mediates the p

Researchers propose that MHC-I biology may require modifications to incorporate TAP-independent pathways of lipopeptide-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes responses. Learn more: ow.ly/SuuN50WJAOm

In this #TopRead article, data demonstrated that TNFR family member CD27 is a metabolic regulator in activated human CD4+ cells, suggesting its essential contribution to T-cell metabolism and its relevance as a therapeutic target. Read more in The JI: ow.ly/bCJk50WJAwi.