Kotodama　言霊

pAA　　*dɔːl　　　　　'to prop, support'
> tər
pJ　　　*tər　>
WOJ　　tor　　　　　 'take, hold in hand'
NJ　　　toru　　　　　'take, hold'　　　　　 取る

pAA　　*ɓəm　　　　'have in mouth'
> pam
pJ　　　*pam　>
WOJ　　pam　　　　'eat'
NJ　　　hamu　　　 'to eat (grass, fodder)'　食む

pAA　　*meːl　　　　'to look at'
> mər
WOJ　　mor　　　　 'to watch'
NJ　　　mamoru　　 'to protect'　　　　　　守る

pAA　　*tuːm　　　　　'collection, accumulation'
> tum
pJ　　　*tum　>
WOJ　　tume　　　 'collect, hoard'
WOJ　　tumor　　　'pile up'
WOJ　　tutum　　　'pile up to stop flow'
NJ　　　tsumeru　　'stuff into, jam'　　　　　詰める
NJ　　　tsumoru　　'to pile up, accumulate'　積もる
NJ　　　tsutsumu　　'to wrap up'　　　　　　包む

pAA　　*ʔətˀ　　　　'lack, cease'
> ət.ə
pJ　　　*ətə　>
WOJ　　otor　　　 'be inferior'
NJ　　　otoru　　　 'be inferior'　劣る

pAA　　*ʔaːŋ　　　　'to open, gape'
> aŋ.a
pJ　　　*ana　>
WOJ　　ana　　　　 'hole'
NJ　　　ana　　　　 'hole'　　　　穴

pAA　　*kəl　　　　　'fell trees (v.)'
> kər
pJ　　　*kər　>
WOJ　　kor　　　　　'cut wood'

pAA (proto-Austroasiatic)

pAA　　*koan　　　'child'
> koa
pJ　　　*koa　>
WOJ　　kwo　　　 'child'
NJ　　　ko　　　　 'child'　　　子

pAA　　*Csuːm　　 'nest'
> su
pJ　　　*su　>
WOJ　　su　　　　 'nest'
NJ　　　su　　　　 'nest'　　　　巣

pAA　　 *ktam　　　'egg'
> tam.a
pJ　　　*tama　>
WOJ　　tama　　　 'jewel, pearl'
NJ　　　tamago　　 'egg'　　　　卵

Austroasiatic languages - Wikipedia

proto-Austroasiatic loans in Japonic ?

Austroasiatic is the language family that includes Vietnamese, Khmer, Munda languages, and more

proto-Austroasiatic is suggested to be about 4000 years old. However, the donor language and time of borrowing is uncertain.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroa...

Old Chinese, proto-Indo-European 'wheel'
*kərə and *kuru

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コロコロ
くるくる

Chinese Grammar

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are 'I, me'
が ga subject particle
nare 'you'
の no genitive particle

Old Chinese + Austronesian

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張る haru 'stretch'
込む komu 'be crowded'
掃く haku 'to broom'
突く tsutsuku 'to poke'

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注ぐ sosogu 'pour over'
濯ぐ susugu 'rinse'
裂く saku 'to tear'
叩く tataku 'to hit'
搗く tsuku 'to pound rice'
枯れる kareru 'to wither'
関 seki 'barrier'

Old Chinese - Japonic Glossary

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赤 aka 'red'
成る naru 'become'
頃 koro 'time'
立つ tatsu 'stand'
州 tu 'port, harbor' (WOJ)
(NJ 津島 'Tsushima')
乳母 uba 'nursing woman'
着く tsuku 'arrive'
金 kane 'metal'
語る kataru 'tell'
燃える moeru 'burn'

#japanese #linguistics #chinese #austronesian

OC　𤈦　*m̥əjʔ　　　　'burn'
> məj(ʔ)
pJ　*məj　>
WOJ　　　mwoye/moye　'burn, feel passion'
NJ　燃える　　　　　　'burn, get fired up'
NJ　燃やす　　　　　　'to burn something'

OC　曰　*ɢʷat　　　　'say'
> k(ʷ)at
pJ　*kat　>
WOJ　　　katar　　　'tell, relate'
NJ　語る　kataru　　 'talk about, tell'

OC　鋼　*s.kˤaŋ　　'cast iron; steel'
> kaŋ.a
pJ　*kana(y)
WOJ　　　kana-bata 'metal loom'
WOJ　　　kane　　　'metal'
NJ　金　　kane　　　'money, metal'

OC　就　*dzuk-s　　'go to'
> tuk
pJ　*tuk　>
WOJ　　　tuku　　 'to arrive'
NJ　着く　tsuku　　'to arrive at, reach at'

OC　媼　*ʔˤuʔ　　　'old woman'
> (ʔˤ)u(ʔ)
pJ　*u-n-pa(pa)
NJ　乳母　uba　　　'nursing woman'

OC　洲　*tu　　　　'islet'
OC　州　*tu　　　　'islet in stream; province'
>
pJ　*tu　>
WOJ　　　tu　　　　'port, harbor'

OC　逝　*dat-s　　'go to'
> tat >
pJ　*tat　>
WOJ　　　tat　　　'stand, depart'
NJ　立つ　tatsu　　'stand'

OC　堇　*grər　　'time, season'
> k(r)ər.ə >
pJ　*kərə　>
WOJ　　　koro　　'time'
NJ　頃　　koro　　'time (around)'

Voiced consonants in Japonic are not allowed initially so it is devoiced (medially, they occur because of a nasal cluster: ex. nk > g)

OC　產　*s-ŋrarʔ　'bear (v.), produce'
> ŋ(r)ar(ʔ) >
pJ　*nar　>
WOJ　　　nar　　'become, grow, be born'
NJ　成る　naru　 'become, grow'

Consonant clusters reduce the first syllable and the final glottal is lost

If the first example is right, r is lost. An echo vowel (ak > aka) is added to account for Japonic's lack of consonant finals and tendancy towards bisyllabic nouns

More Old Chinese Loans in Japonic

OC　赫　*qʰˤrak　　　　　　'red, fiery'
OC　奭　*qʰak {*[qʰ](r)Ak}　 'red'
> (q)rak.a/(q)ak.a >
pJ　*aka　>
WOJ　　　aka　'red'
NJ　赤　　aka　'red'

Following posts will explore other Southeast Asian comparisons, such as proto-Tai and proto-Austroasiatic. Both appear to have a number of significant family terms which help support a hypothesis of an early Southeast Asian Japonic Urheimat

Therefore, Japonic may have early origins along the Chinese coast (maybe the Yangtze river, as has been proposed by Elmer (2019)), where it had heavy linguistic influence/divergence with Austronesian; then moved north along the coast, meeting Old Chinese speakers before bringing wet rice to Korea

Approximately ~185 loans in proto Austronesian branches (including proto-(Western)-Malayo-Polynesian and proto-Philippines) have been identified (research in review). This number greatly exceeds that of other external comparisons, such as with Korean. Suggesting the relationship may even be genetic

Japonic has recently been observed to have genetic affiliations with Yellow River farmers, related to Sino-Tibetans, and has mostly monosyllabic verbs. These verbs are reduplicated to fit Austronesian's bisyllabic phonotactics. The number of Old Chinese loans in Japonic show a long and old history

That means there must have been some amount of loaning or even genetic divergence of these words spread across the Urheimat (homeland) of these languages
Old Chinese (North China)
Japonic (Korean peninsula and Japanese archipelago)
Austronesian (Taiwan and (Island) Southeast Asia)

Sino-Austronesian Triplets Explained

The existence of words that appear phonologically (by sound) and semantically (by meaning) related in Old Chinese, proto-Austronesian primarily, and Japonic shows a lexical continuum across the Chinese coast.

OC　啄　*mə-tˤ<r>ok　　'to peck'
pAN　　 *tuktuk　　　　 'beak of a bird; to peck'
pJ　　　 *tu(k)tuk　> WOJ: tutuk　'peck at'

Paiwan (AN): tjuktjuk　　　'beak (of a bird)'
NJ　突く　tsutsuku　　　 'to poke, peck at (food)'

OC　拍　*mə-pʰˤrak　　'to strike'
pAN　　 *bakbak　　'sound of heavy clapping or pounding'
pJ　　　 *pak　> WOJ: pak　'sweep'

Saisiyat (AN): bakbak　'strike with a piece of bamboo'
NJ　掃く　haku　　　 'to sweep, brush'

OC　函　*Cə-m-kˤəm　'envelop, contain
pAN　　 *gemgem　　 'hold in the fist'
pJ　　　 *kəm-　> WOJ: kome　'enclose'

Rukai (AN): wa-gəmgəm　'squeeze in the hand'
NJ　込む　komu　　　'to be crowded, packed'