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The people pictured here, in Dunlap, Kansas, were probably born enslaved in Tennessee and moved to Kansas because of Pap Singleton. Photo credit: Kansas Historical Society.

Side note: The Exodus of 1879 drained the South of a cheap, compliant labor force and highly skilled workers. It was economically devastating. Some whites sought to curb the exodus by offering better labor contracts, but many responded by further oppressing the remaining African Americans.

Map showing some of the cities and towns in Kansas and Oklahoma where the Exodusters settled. Image credit: Atlas of African American History.

The Exodus of 1879 was the first major general migration of Black people following the Civil War and the end of Reconstruction. The movement set the stage for the Great Migration of the early 20th century and established independent Black communities in Kansas, Oklahoma and Colorado. /end

An early photo of Nicodemus, Kan.

The first Kindergarten in Tennessee Town, Kan. Today it is a historic, primarily residential neighborhood in Topeka. Photo credit: Kansas Historical Society.

The Exodusters were largely composed of individuals seeking to own land, establish businesses and educate their children. While some struggled as farmers, others found success in urban centers like Topeka. Nicodemus, Kan., became the most successful all-Black town established by Exodusters. /7

Refugees on Levee, 1897. "Exodusters waiting for a steamboat to carry them westward in the late 1870s." Photo credit: Carroll's Art Gallery. Photomural from gelatin-silver print Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress.

Many arrived destitute and faced harsh Great Plains winters, unsuitable land and racial prejudice from white settlers. The exodus also included many of the most skilled and experienced farmers, agricultural workers and laborers, along with activists and ministers who advocated for Black rights. /6

Benjamin “Pap” Singleton. He was born into slavery in Middle Tennessee in 1809 and escaped to the North when he was 37 years old. He returned to Tennessee and went to work as a cabinet and coffin maker. By the mid-1870s, he became convinced that black people would never receive fair treatment in the South.

Benjamin “Pap” Singleton, a formerly enslaved man known as the “Father of the Exodus,” promoted Kansas as a “holy land” due to its history and association with abolitionist John Brown. Between 1870 and 1880, the Black population in Kansas jumped from approximately 16,250 to more than 43,000. /5

"Ho For Kansas!" handbill announcing that the Real Estate and Homestead Association planned to leave Nashville, Tenn., on April 15, 1878, and head for Kansas. The handbill gives the name and address of Benjamin “Pap” Singleton, a formerly enslaved man who was the biggest booster of the westward migration. Image credit: Historic American Building Survey Field Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress.

The term “Exodusters” was inspired by the biblical Book of Exodus, where Moses leads the Israelites out of slavery. Roughly 25,000 to 40,000 migrants took heed and moved west during the “Great Exodus,” attracted by the Homestead Act of 1862, which offered 160 acres of public land to settlers. /4

Sharecropper tilling a field in Montgomery County, Alabama, in 1937.

The Black Codes were particularly oppressive. Passed immediately after the Civil War, these laws restricted the freedom of African Americans and forced them into slavery-like conditions. They maintained white supremacy by limiting Black rights, restricting mobility and requiring labor contracts. /3

Illustration in the May 1, 1881, issue of Harper's Weekly depicting the Exodusters with an inset showing an enslaved person wading though a swamp in his quest for freedom. The caption reads: "The Negro Exodus - the Old Style and the New."

African Americans who had gained their freedom after the Civil War found themselves in a new sort of bondage created by Jim Crow laws, economic oppression and racial violence. Freedmen moved west to escape the rise of the Ku Klux Klan, the White League, sharecropping and debt peonage. /2

These four people moved from Tennessee to Kansas as part of the Exodusters movement. Photo credit: Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division.

#ResistanceRoots
#BlackHistoryMonth

In 1879, tens of thousands of African Americans moved from the South to the West, primarily Kansas, Oklahoma and Colorado. The “Exodusters” sought safety, voting rights and land, viewing Kansas as a promised land due to its history as a free state. /1

Screenshot of The Telegraph Mikhail Khodorkovsky Putin’s time is nearly up Russian dictators don’t last long past the incumbent’s age of 73. Whether by age, incapacitation or insurrection, he will soon be gone

‼️ 'What he and his cronies are worried about now, is that the anti-war Russians in exile are getting united and are seen by the Western powers as legitimate alternative to Putin’s regime.'

How to Slay a Dragon - a political manifesto @khodorkovsky.com
Gift link: www.telegraph.co.uk/gift/a69c12c...

Screenshot of The Telegraph ‘This is a very dangerous moment for Putin’: ex-Army chief Former head of the British Army says Russia is facing ‘huge’ pressure on fourth anniversary of full-scale Ukraine invasion

‼️ Vladimir Putin is facing a potentially extremely “dangerous moment” amid a perfect storm of sanctions, economic headwinds and growing battlefield losses.

Gift link:
www.telegraph.co.uk/gift/9108fcf...

Screenshot of The Telegraph The kill ratio that can sink Putin’s war Four years on, Moscow’s loss of 40,000 soldiers a month may yet force the Kremlin to settle for less Photo caption- In the bloodiest sections around Pokrovsk, Kyiv’s army is eliminating 25 Russians for each comrade they loseCredit: AFP

‼️ “Objectively, it’s pure mathematics,” explains the chief of staff of the Dovbush Hornets, a drone battalion in the 68th Infantry Brigade. Russia cannot sustain an invasion at this rate.

Gift link: www.telegraph.co.uk/gift/dc41992...

Live updates: Iran’s supreme leader killed in strike, Israeli officials say The U.S. military hit Iran’s missile sites, air defense systems, and command and control centers for the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps. Iran’s main intelligence agency was targeted, an official sa...

Iran's leader has apparently been killed in the strikes.
They WILL retaliate.
Waiting for the fatwa...
#USDemocracy #Voices4Victory

Relax and enjoy

#Caturday

Our first in a while without new snow

At 45° 😻

In Congress, GOP leaders support Trump strikes on Iran but Democrats seek vote — USA TODAY Congress divided along party lines to the strikes on Iran, with Republicans largely supporting Trump and Democrats calling for an authorization vote.

I remember Trump’s promise not to start any wars. So far he has: -bombed boats claiming they were drug transporters
-attacked Venezuela
-choked off Cuba
-supported Putin
-attacked Iran after he killed the nuclear deal
There are more wars now than before.
#ProudBlue#Voices4Victory
#OneV1
apple.news

A lawless country.

Call Congress NOW! All this is done in our name, on our dime, by our family & community members--making them war criminals.

Congress must end this NOW!

THE CONSTITUTION IS NOT A SUGGESTION!

(202) 224-3121
5calls.org
@resist.bot

#Voices4Victory
#usDemocracy

Attacks on Iran are being carried out without Congressional authorization, or even their knowledge.
Stop Trump NOW.He is a war criminal.
#USDemocracy #Voices4Victory

Retaliatory attack on Israel, by Iran.
Great job, MAGA. What did you think would happen?
Not to mention that the US involvement was without the knowledge or approval of Congress.
#USDemocracy #Voices4Victory

Black graphic titled “Epstein Files Resignations” next to a photo of Jeffrey Epstein. A list names Peter Attia (CBS News), Richard Axel (Columbia), Leon Black (Apollo CEO), Børge Brende (WEF CEO), Larry Summers (Harvard), Tom Pritzker (Hyatt chair), Steve Tisch (NY Giants co-owner), and Kathy Ruemmler (Goldman Sachs CLO). Text at the bottom reads, “Too many resignations to be a hoax. Too few arrests to deny a cover-up.” Occupy Democrats branding appears at the bottom.

War does not change the facts. Resignations happened. The Epstein files still demand accountability. ⚖️❗

#SheShed #Voices4Victory

⚠️WOKE CONTENT⚠️

🧵 As #BlackHistoryMonth
comes to a close, I would be remiss if I did not mention the Jackie Robinson of the NHL. His name: Willie O'Ree—yet many people never heard of him.

Pull up a seat seat, my friends.🪑(cont)
#ProudBlue
#ResistanceRoots
#USDemocracy
#Voices4Victory

Pic of bombing.

Well. To Hell with getting Congressional approval to go to war with Iran.

Y’all can’t be ok with Trump acting as a Dictator. He wants a regime change. Nothing to do with uranium enrichment.
He is a criminal and liar.

Impeach this madman asap.
#Voices4Victory
#DemVoice1
#Pinks
#SheShed

Trump administration labels Iran a state sponsor of wrongful detention — CBS News Ahead of the decision to launch military strikes, the U.S. issued a designation that enables punishing Iran for detaining Americans for political leverage.

The irony of a Trump labeling Iran a sponsor of wrongful detention when US citizens are being imprisoned without due process or warrants would be funny if it wasn’t so outrageous.
Trump is bombing a country that is doing what he aspires to be.
#ProudBlue#Voices4Victory
#OneV1
apple.news

1/ Let me get this straight.

We had a nuclear deal with Iran - Trump tore it up.
The U.S. “totally obliterated” Iranian nuclear sites last year.
Now we’re launching “major combat operations” to stop Iran’s nuclear program… again? 🤔. #DV1 #ProudBlue #Voices4Victory #USDemocracy

The only reason SAVE looks stalled is because Democrats are holding and a handful of Republicans do not want to blow up the filibuster over a Trump pet project.

Those senators are under pressure.
Call and tell them to stand firm & keep voting no. #SaveActTaxesYourVote
#USDemocracy #Voices4Victory

Israel launches attack on Iran's capital with US help as tensions high over nuclear talks Israel has launched a daylight strike on Tehran. Witnesses in Tehran said they heard a blast Saturday near the offices of Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.

Mr. “I ended 8 wars” (which he didn’t) just started one because he’s trying to accomplish what Obama did after he destroyed it. And too stupid to know WTF he’s doing. Buckle up.

Israel launches attack on Iran's capital with US help as tensions high over nuclear talks

apnews.com/article/iran...

Draw the Line Now Against a Trump Election Takeover Everyone who cares about federalism and the Constitution, especially lawmakers, should draw the line right now against the idea of letting Donald Trump seize control of elections.

Apparently Trump floated a draft Executive Order to control the elections.

This is why we need to publish our opposition, establish what we will not tolerate, and educate the public.

Get ready to support our position in court, and the court of public opinion.

www.cato.org/blog/draw-li...