Jonathan Chaloff

Images representing different private Japanese actors conducting training of labour migrants in origin: Support for Recruiting Overseas Caregiving Talent https://www.zenken.co.jp/en/human-resources/services/ https://www.zenken.co.jp/news/4733 MOS Food Services hamburger chain runs a program called “Viet Nam Kazoku” with Danang Vocational Tourism College https://www.mos.co.jp/company/pr_pdf/pr_191015_1.pdf ① Interested students study Japanese language, the food service industry, and MFC (MOS Food Culture) at the Danang National Tourism College. ② take the specialized skills test for the food service industry in Vietnam. ③ work at MOS Burger restaurants in Japan as full-time, regular employees. ④ After working for a maximum of 5 years, return to Vietnam. ⑤ after returning to Vietnam, can aim to work for MOS Burger in other Asian countries. PERSOL Global Workforce in January 2023 signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Indonesian Centre for Agricultural Education (ICAE), an affiliate of the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, to launch a project aimed at developing and employing agricultural talent. https://persol-gw.co.jp/news/1165/

Japan's Specified Skilled Worker scheme private sector actors to partner with public training orgs in origin countries to be able to secure qualifying workers.
Firms like MOS (hamburger chain), Zenken (healthcare and hospitality), Persol (agriculture), etc., with Vietnam, Indonesia, India...

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A group of Vietnamese people clapping in a Japanese conference room. From Nippon Television 20/05/2022 English language service video of a piece on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mwF63H9ykNo Mos Burger store operator Mos Food Services hires Vietnamese employees as part of an educational partnership with Danang Vocational Tourism College in Viet Nam.

Image of 3 men welding. A photo from a Swiss-development-cooperation funded program in Nepal focused on upgrading skills for migration. For more information: https://www.sami.org.np/access-to-skills

Who pays for training when it’s only for a job abroad?
In Asia, new skills-based schemes require workers to meet national language or skills requirements.
Employers and placement agencies now paying to train in origin.
Development agencies also getting involved.
Some examples in this report
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Figure 1.11: Temporary Foreign Worker Admissions in Canada by Nationality, 2016–2024

For historical reasons, temporary labour migration to Canada doesn't have Asia as the main continent of
origin - but the share of Asia in has been increasing, jumping from 35% of the total in 2023 to 41% in 2024.
India accounted for 21% in 2024, and Philippines 12%.

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Figure 1.8: Labor Migration from Asia to the United Kingdom, 2015–2024 UK Employment-Based Entry Clearance Visas Issued - Main applicant oe.cd/69V

Figure 1.9: Health and Care Worker Visas issued 2020–2024, by Origin and Category oe.cd/69V

Labor migration from Asia to non-Asian OECD countries largely goes to USA, CAN, GBR, AUS, not EU.
Labor migration to the United Kingdom from Asia down 37%
in 2024, but 2023 was a record high. Big part of this is the boom in health and care worker visas in 2023 (now over).

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Figure 1.2: Japan, Stock of Foreigners Employed, 2015–2024 Figure 1.4: Republic of Korea, Stock of Foreigners Employed, 2015–2024

The number of foreigners employed in Asian destination economies is increasing fast from 2023 to 2024.
For OECD countries:
Japan +12%
Korea +9%
For non-OECD economies
Taipei,China +9%
Singapore +3%

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We collect and compile origin and destination country data on labour migration in Asia.
Some findings in this thread.

Deployments from Asian origin countries down 7% in 2024.
Bangladesh -22% (not going to Oman, Malaysia)
Pakistan -16% (to KSA instead of UAE, Qatar)
Nepal -7%

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Chart. When asked whether it is desirable to strengthen regulations on real estate purchases by foreigners and foreign companies, 32% responded “agree” (34% after weighting), while a total of 21% answered “strongly disagree” or “disagree” (30% after weighting). The most common response was “uncertain,” accounting for 40% (36% after weighting).

Original x.com screenshot from @nikkeicenter 当センターと日本経済新聞社が経済学者を対象に経済政策などに対する評価を聞く「エコノミクスパネル」の7回調査では、外国人政策に関して尋ねました。 『外国人増加、「日本人の生活水準向上に寄与」が８割　不動産購入の規制強化は見方分 https://t.co/XVgb1PaF4vかれる』

JCER/Nikkei asked Japanese economists about their views on foreign residents policies.
jcer.or.jp/english/does...
Consensus on ⬆️ impact on living standard, fiscal balance
Interest in link between real estate prices and migration - growing in lots of countries

This Review covers policy gaps revealed by recent boom in labour migration to Romania.
Placement agencies employ many migrants and find them work via platforms.
"Unusual", not aligned with LMT principle.
OECD recommends that platform work should not be grounds for issuance of work permits.

For the figures (except figure 4) do switchers include those who abandoned their studies before graduating to switch to a care worker?

That stock photo again... :-)

Jasper, "migration background" includes German-born children of immigrants, no? can you separate out German-born from foreign-born and how does that change the story?

Stock photo by Sven Hoppe/dpa/picture alliance showing a the hands of a black man using a spotless Knipex "Made in Germany" wrench to twist a brass pipe faucet fitting. Blue collar work clothes visible, blurred factory background. (Not clear that the wrench is being used to perform any useful task, however). Used as thumbnail for link to video on "Germany's lack of skilled workers hurting its economy"

Blackness does a lot of heavy lifting symbolically for migration in Europe.
This stock photo (I leave it to you to guess the keywords) pops up every few months in German media articles on migration topics like "Germany's lack of skilled workers hurting its economy".

www.dw.com/en/germanys-...

Chart showing Stock of foreigners employed in Japan, 2015-2024. Chart shows steady increase from 908K to 2.3M over the period. The categories which increased the most are Technical Interns and Other Professionals. Source: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW), Japan. Figures for October of each year. For more information see OECD (2024), Recruiting Immigrant Workers: Japan, doi.org/10.1787/0e5a10e3-en

Latest figures on number of foreigners employed in Japan show 12% annual increase to 2.3M.
Much of the increase is in Technical Interns (to transition to new programme) and in the new SSW route (+50% to 200K)
Still only 3.5% of total employment but trend is clear.

Photo of keynote (Leah Platt Boustan) from the 14th annual CEPII-OECD Conference on Immigration in OECD countries.

Photo of opening panel (Antoine Bouët, Jean-Christophe Dumont, Christina Gathmann and Hillel Rapoport)

14th annual conference CEPII-OECD Conference "#Immigration in OECD Countries" kicks off with a keynote from Leah Boustan "Where are the Streets of Gold? Immigrants Success in the US and Europe"

Economist(s) / Policy Analyst(s) Company Description: The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organisation of 38 member countries that works to build better policies for better lives. Our...

🚨 We are hiring!

The #OECD is looking to hire one or several Economists / Policy Analysts to work on labour market and social policy, including on #inequalities.

The vacancy is open until 3 January 2025.

Please spread the word, retweet and apply! #EconSky

smrtr.io/pfCMb

Iraq tries to stem influx of illegal foreign workers Rami, a Syrian worker in Iraq, spends his 16-hour shifts at a restaurant fearing arrest as authorities crack down on undocumented migrants in the country better known for its own exodus.

Iraq opened a one-month regularisation window for workers from Syria, Bangladesh, Pakistan.

Iraq's Minister of Labour said last week there are 800K-1M foreign workers in irregular status.

Also many legal FWs, including in domestic sector.

AFP piece: www.france24.com/en/live-news...

YouTube video by CeSPI Centro Studi di Politica Internazionale La migrazione: cambiamenti in corso. Presentazione del Rapporto OCSE 2024

Se avete perso la presentazione dell'International Migration Outlook 2024 in italiano, il video dell'incontro è disponibile su YouTube.

www.youtube.com/watch?v=hIxP...

International Migration Outlook 2024 The 2024 edition of International Migration Outlook analyses recent developments in migration movements and the labour market inclusion of immigrants in OECD countries. It also monitors recent policy ...

This is core work for the OECD www.oecd.org/migration 😜

The 2024 International Migration Outlook is available for free download now!
I'll be skeeting some of the more interesting parts in this 380 page tome but here are some headline figures.
www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issue...

🇮🇹 "La migrazione: cambiamenti in corso". L'Ocse International Migration Outlook 2024.
Oggi alle 15.30 a Roma e zoom.
la registrazione in presenza (quasi al completo)
www.eventbrite.it/e/la-migrazi...

su zoom:
us02web.zoom.us/webinar/regi...

Cover page of the 2024 OECD International Migration Outlook

Migration Nerds! It's the time of year you get ready to read what's in the annual OECD International Migration Outlook.
14 November 11AM CET
Stats, trends in flows, policy trends, analysis...

Livestream: brnw.ch/21wOvBb

Plus it'll be free to download from www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issue... !

Locandina LA MIGRAZIONE: CAMBIAMENTI IN CORSO Presentazione del rapporto OCSE - Prospettive sulle Migrazioni 2024 - Giovedì 14 novembre 2024 - Ore 15.30 - Europa Experience David Sassoli, Piazza Venezia 6 - Roma

Presentiamo:
⚫️le ultime tendenze migratorie nei paesi Ocse
⚫i cambiamenti nelle politiche migratorie
⚫️l'evoluzione degli esiti dei migranti
La presentazione in Italia del rapporto Ocse coincide col lancio mondiale dell'International Migration Outlook 2024.
14 novembre, Roma🔽

Policy Analyst Company Description: The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organisation comprised of 38 member countries, that works to build better policies for better...

For anyone with in-depth knowledge of migration/integration policies, the International Migration Division at OECD has vacancies!
Background in economics, public policy, socsci, law, etc.
Quantitative skills help but looking for range of profiles
Apply
jobs.smartrecruiters.com/OECD/7440000...

The world's largest (and only) migration statistics conference - more than 500 participants, dozens of sessions - will be in Malmö, Sweden, 16-18 June 2025
Co-organised by OECD, IOM and UNDESA.
Paper/Session proposals can be submitted by 1 December.⬇️
oe.cd/ifms-2025

Regulating Labor Immigration: The Effects of Lifting Labor Market Testing - Työn ja talouden tutkimus LABORE Tarkastelemme ulkomaalaisen työvoiman saatavuusharkinnan poistamisen vaikutuksia Suomessa hyödyntäen alueellista vaihtelua saatavuusharkinnasta vapautetuissa ammateissa. Käytämme yksilö- ja yritystaso...

Most countries have labour market tests before authorising work permits for foreigners.
But do these work??? What happens if we cancel them?
(I spend a LOT of time on this question)
Finally, a study of effects of lifting the LMT on flows & earnings!
labore.fi/julkaisu/reg...

A reminder to be very careful with your logframes, you don't want to end up being Box 10 of the European Court of Auditors report on the EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa (EUTF)
www.eca.europa.eu/en/news/NEWS...

Chart showing number of beneficiaries of "non-habitual resident tax relief" in Portugal, 2009-2020. Number is close to zero from 2009-2012 but rises sharply to hit almost 12,000 in 2019 before declining to 9,000 in 2020.

One observation is that offering tax relief to a broad range of migrants is rare.
Portugal's tax relief for non-habitual residents (NHR) was worth almost €1bn in 2020. Most eligibility ended this year. But the *targeted* relief remains.
www.reuters.com/world/europe...
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Germany mulls new tax rebates for skilled foreign workers The German government wants to grant skilled foreign workers tax relief if they take up employment in Germany. But some critics have described the idea as "socially explosive."

Difficulty in figuring out cost/benefit may be why so many "tax relief for migrants" programmes in OECD countries change so often - rolled back, adjusted, contingented, sunset...
And the idea keeps coming back
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www.dw.com/en/germany-m...

Public evaluation of tax reliefs for migrants is scarce/absent.
Targeted programmes can attract more workers
(Kleven, Stantcheva, Landais, Muñoz; Timm, Giuliodori, @mullerpaul.bsky.social)
or increase productivity (Malchow-Møller,Munch, Skaksen)
But how to target?
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Image of chart showing Grants of tax relief by category, 2012- 2023, Sweden, climbing from about 600 annually in 2012 to 1300 in 2023.

OECD countries offer different types of tax relief for migrants.
Flat tax - 6 countries
Exemptions - 10 countries (example Sweden below)
Deductions - 5 countries
These aren't massive programmes numerically, but they aren't insignificant and can look costly.
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